Researchers at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center have identified new antibodies that could stop the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) from infecting human cells, according to a report by ScienceDaily.
Working with mice engineered to produce human antibodies, the team created monoclonal antibodies designed to block the virus from attaching to and entering the immune system. One of these antibodies completely prevented infection in lab models featuring human-like immune systems.
EBV is a widespread infection affecting approximately 95% of the global population. The virus is linked to several types of cancer, neurodegenerative conditions, and other chronic illnesses.
"Finding human antibodies that block Epstein Barr virus from infecting our immune cells has been particularly challenging because, unlike other viruses, EBV finds a way to bind to nearly every one of our B cells," said Andrew McGuire, PhD, a biochemist and cellular biologist at Fred Hutch, as reported by ScienceDaily.
Targeting viral entry points
The research team focused on two specific viral proteins: gp350, which helps the virus attach to cells, and gp42, which allows the virus to fuse with and enter them. Using specialized mouse models, the scientists identified two monoclonal antibodies targeting gp350 and eight targeting gp42.
In final testing, an antibody targeting gp42 fully blocked EBV infection, while a gp350-targeting antibody provided partial protection. Crystal Chhan, a pathobiology PhD student in the McGuire Lab, noted that the study also validated a new approach for discovering protective antibodies against other pathogens.
This breakthrough could specifically benefit transplant recipients. Each year, over 128,000 people in the United States undergo organ or bone marrow transplants and often require immunosuppressive drugs.
These drugs can allow EBV to reactivate or spread unchecked. Such infections can lead to post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD), a serious form of lymphoma.
"Preventing EBV viremia has strong potential to reduce the incidence of PTLD and limit the need to reduce immunosuppression," said Rachel Bender Ignacio, MD, MPH, an associate professor at Fred Hutch and University of Washington School of Medicine.
The research team envisions a future where these monoclonal antibodies are administered via infusion to prevent infection or reactivation in high-risk groups. Fred Hutch has filed intellectual property claims for the discovered antibodies and is working with industry partners to move the research toward clinical use.
